MPB Installation
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MIT Photonic Bands |
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Data Analysis Tutorial |
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In this section, we outline the procedure for installing the MIT Photonic-Bands package. Mainly, this consists of downloading and installing various prerequisites. As much as possible, we have attempted to take advantage of existing packages such as BLAS, LAPACK, FFTW, and GNU Guile, in order to make our code smaller, more robust, faster, and more flexible. Unfortunately, this may make the installation of MPB more complicated if you do not already have these packages.
You will also need an ANSI C compiler, of course (gcc is fine), and installation will be easiest on a UNIX-like system (Linux is fine). In the following list, some of the packages are dependent upon packages listed earlier, so you should install them in more-or-less the order given.
Note: Many of these libraries may be available in precompiled binary form, especially for GNU/Linux systems. Be aware, however, that library binary packages often come in two parts, library
and library-dev
, and both are required to compile programs using it.
Note: It is important that you use the same Fortran compiler to compile Fortran libraries (like LAPACK) and for configuring MPB. Different Fortran compilers often have incompatible linking schemes. (The Fortran compiler for MPB can be set via the F77
environment variable.)
Contents |
Unix Installation Basics
Installation Paths
First, let's review some important information about installing software on Unix systems, especially in regards to installing software in non-standard locations. (None of these issues are specific to this software, but they've caused a lot of confusion among our beloved users.)
Most of the software below, including this software, installs under /usr/local
by default; that is, libraries go in /usr/local/lib
, programs in /usr/local/bin
, etc. If you don't have root
privileges on your machine, you may need to install somewhere else, e.g. under $HOME/install
(the install/
subdirectory of your home directory). Most of the programs below use a GNU-style configure
script, which means that all you would do to install there would be:
./configure --prefix=$HOME/install
when configuring the program; the directories $HOME/install/lib
etc. are created automatically as needed.
Paths for Configuring
There are two further complications. First, if you install in a non-standard location (and /usr/local
is considered non-standard by some proprietary compilers), you will need to tell the compilers where to find the libraries and header files that you dutifully installed. You do this by setting two environment variables:
setenv LDFLAGS "-L/usr/local/lib" setenv CPPFLAGS "-I/usr/local/include"
Of course, substitute whatever installation directory you used. Do this before you run the configure
scripts, etcetera. You may need to include multiple -L
and -I
flags (separated by spaces) if your machine has stuff installed in several non-standard locations. Bourne shell users (e.g. bash
or ksh
) should use the "export FOO=bar
" syntax instead of csh
's "setenv FOO bar
", of course.
You might also need to update your PATH
so that you can run the executables you installed (although /usr/local/bin
is in the default PATH
on many systems). e.g. if we installed in our home directory as described above, we would do:
setenv PATH "$HOME/install/bin:$PATH"
Paths for Running (Shared Libraries)
Second, many of the packages installed below (e.g. Guile) are installed as shared libraries. You need to make sure that your runtime linker knows where to find these shared libraries. The bad news is that every operating system does this in a slightly different way. The good news is that, when you run make install
for the packages involving shared libraries, the output includes the necessary instructions specific to your system, so pay close attention! It will say something like "add LIBDIR to the foobar environment variable
," where LIBDIR
will be your library installation directory (e.g. /usr/local/lib
) and foobar is some environment variable specific to your system (e.g. LD_LIBRARY_PATH
on some systems, including Linux). For example, you might do:
setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH "/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH"
Note that we just add to the library path variable, and don't replace it in case it contains stuff already. If you use Linux and have root
privileges, you can instead simply run /sbin/ldconfig
, first making sure that a line "/usr/local/lib
" (or whatever) is in /etc/ld.so.conf
.
If you don't want to type these commands every time you log in, you can put them in your ~/.cshrc
file (or ~/.profile
, or ~/.bash_profile
, depending on your shell).
Fun with Fortran
Our software, along with many of the libraries it calls, is written in C or C++, but it also calls libraries such as BLAS and LAPACK (see below) that are usually compiled from Fortran. This can cause some added difficulty because of the various linking schemes used by Fortran compilers. Our configure
script attempts to detect the Fortran linking scheme automatically, but in order for this to work you must use the same Fortran compiler and options with our software as were used to compile BLAS/LAPACK.
By default, our software looks for a vendor Fortran compiler first (f77
, xlf
, etcetera) and then looks for GNU g77
. In order to manually specify a Fortran compiler foobar
you would configure it with './configure F77=foobar ...
'.
If, when you compiled BLAS/LAPACK, you used compiler options that alter the linking scheme (e.g. g77
's -fcase-upper
or -fno-underscoring
), you will need to pass the same flags to our software via './configure FFLAGS="...flags..." ...
'.
Picking a compiler
It is often important to be consistent about which compiler you employ. This is especially true for C++ software. To specify a particular C compiler foo
, configure with ./configure CC=foo
; to specify a particular C++ compiler foo++
, configure with ./configure CXX=foo++
; to specify a particular Fortran compiler foo90
, configure with ./configure F77=foo90
.
GNU/Linux and BSD binary packages
If you are installing on your personal GNU/Linux or BSD machine, then precompiled binary packages are likely to be available for many of these packages, and may even have been included with your system. On Debian systems, the packages are in .deb
format and the built-in apt-get
program can fetch them from a central repository. On Red Hat, SuSE, and most other Linux-based systems, binary packages are in RPM format and can be fetched (if they did not come with your system) from places like rpmfind.net. OpenBSD has its "ports" system, and so on.
Do not compile something from source if an official binary package is available. For one thing, you're just creating pain for yourself. Worse, the binary package may already be installed, in which case installing a different version from source will just cause trouble.
One thing to watch out for is that libraries like LAPACK, Guile, HDF5, etcetera, will often come split up into two (or more) packages: e.g. a guile
package and a guile-devel
package. You need to install both of these to compile software using the library.
BLAS and LAPACK
MPB requires the BLAS and LAPACK libraries for matrix computations.
BLAS
The first thing you must have on your system is a BLAS implementation. "BLAS" stands for "Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines," and is a standard interface for operations like matrix multiplication. It is designed as a building-block for other linear-algebra applications, and is used both directly by our code and in LAPACK (see below). By using it, we can take advantage of many highly-optimized implementations of these operations that have been written to the BLAS interface. (Note that you will need implementations of BLAS levels 1-3.)
You can find more BLAS information, as well as a basic implementation, on the BLAS Homepage. Once you get things working with the basic BLAS implementation, it might be a good idea to try and find a more optimized BLAS code for your hardware. Vendor-optimized BLAS implementations are available as part of the Intel MKL, HP CXML, IBM ESSL, SGI sgimath, and other libraries. An excellent, high-performance, free-software BLAS implementation is OpenBLAS; another is ATLAS.
Note that the generic BLAS does not come with a Makefile
; compile it with something like:
get http://www.netlib.org/blas/blas.tgz gunzip blas.tgz tar xf blas.tar cd BLAS f77 -c -O3 *.f # compile all of the .f files to produce .o files ar rv libblas.a *.o # combine the .o files into a library su -c "cp libblas.a /usr/local/lib" # switch to root and install
(Replace -O3
with your favorite optimization options. On Linux, I use g77 -O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -funroll-loops
, with -malign-double -mcpu=i686
on a Pentium II.) Note that MPB looks for the standard BLAS library with -lblas
, so the library file should be called libblas.a
and reside in a standard directory like /usr/local/lib
. (See also below for the --with-blas=lib
option to MPB's configure
script, to manually specify a library location.)
LAPACK
LAPACK, the Linear Algebra PACKage, is a standard collection of routines, built on BLAS, for more-complicated (dense) linear algebra operations like matrix inversion and diagonalization. You can download LAPACK from the LAPACK Home Page.
Note that our software looks for LAPACK by linking with -llapack
. This means that the library must be called liblapack.a
and be installed in a standard directory like /usr/local/lib
(alternatively, you can specify another directory via the LDFLAGS
environment variable as described earlier). (See also below for the --with-lapack=lib
option to our configure
script, to manually specify a library location.)
I currently recommend installing OpenBLAS, which includes LAPACK so you do not need to install it separately.
MPI (for parallel MPB)
Optionally, MPB is able to run on a distributed-memory parallel machine, and to do this we use the standard MPI message-passing interface. You can learn about MPI from the MPI Home Page. Most commercial supercomputers already have an MPI implementation installed; two free MPI implementations that you can install yourself are MPICH and LAM; a promising new implementation is Open MPI. MPI is not required to compile the ordinary, uniprocessor version of our software.
In order for the MPI version of our software to run successfully, we have a slightly nonstandard requirement: each process must be able to read from the disk. (This way, Guile can boot for each process and they can all read your control file in parallel.) Many (most?) commercial supercomputers, Linux Beowulf clusters, etcetera, satisfy this requirement.
Also, in order to get good performance, you'll need fast interconnect hardware such as Myrinet; 100Mbps Ethernet probably won't cut it. The speed bottleneck comes from the FFT, which requires most of the communications in MPB. FFTW's MPI transforms ([#fftw see below]) come with benchmark programs that will give you a good idea of whether you can get speedups on your system. Of course, even with slow communications, you can still benefit from the memory savings per CPU for large problems.
As described [#mpb below], when you configure MPB with MPI support (--with-mpi
), it installs itself as mpb-mpi
. See also the [user-ref.html#mpb-mpi user reference] section for information on using MPB on parallel machines.
MPI support in MPB is thanks to generous support from Clarendon Photonics.
HDF5 (optional, strongly advised)
We require a portable, standard binary format for outputting the electromagnetic fields and similar volumetric data, and for this we use HDF. (If you don't have HDF5, you can still compile MPB, but you won't be able to output the fields or the dielectric function.)
HDF is a widely-used, free, portable library and file format for multi-dimensional scientific data, developed in the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois (UIUC, home of the Fighting Illini and alma mater to many of this author's fine relatives). You can get HDF and learn about it on the HDF Home Page.
There are two incompatible versions of HDF, HDF4 and HDF5 (no, not HDF1 and HDF2). We require the newer version, HDF5, which is supported by a number scientific of visualization tools, including our own h5utils utilities.
HDF5 includes parallel I/O support under MPI, which can be enabled by configuring it with --enable-parallel
. (You may also have to set the CC
environment variable to mpicc
.) Unfortunately, the parallel HDF5 library then does not work with serial code, so you have may have to choose one or the other.
We have some hacks in our MPB and Meep software so that they can do parallel I/O even with the serial HDF5 library; these hacks work okay when you are using a small number of processors, but on large supercomputers we strongly recommend using the parallel HDF5.
Note: If you have a version of HDF5 compiled with MPI parallel I/O support, then you need to use the MPI compilers to link to it, even when you are compiling the serial versions of Meep or MPB. Just use ./configure CC=mpicc CXX=mpic++
(or whatever your MPI compilers are) when configuring.
Note: version 1.8 of HDF5 changed the programming interface, breaking older programs like MPB (versions 1.4.x and earlier) and Meep (versions 0.11.x and earlier). As a workaround, if you have HDF5 1.8 or later and would like to compile these versions of MPB and/or Meep, include -DH5_USE_16_API=1
in the CPPFLAGS
(see below).
FFTW
FFTW is a self-optimizing, portable, high-performance FFT implementation, including both serial and parallel FFTs. You can download FFTW and find out more about it from the FFTW Home Page.
Important: the current release of MPB requires FFTW 2.x, and will not compile with FFTW 3.x.
If you want to use MPB on a parallel machine with MPI, you will also need to install the MPI FFTW libraries (this just means including --enable-mpi
in the FFTW configure
flags).
GNU Readline (optional)
GNU Readline is a library to provide command-line history, tab-completion, emacs keybindings, and other shell-like niceties to command-line programs. This is an optional package, but one that can be used by Guile (see below) if it is installed; we recommend getting it. You can download Readline from the GNU ftp site. (Readline is typically preinstalled on GNU/Linux systems).
GNU Guile
GNU Guile is an extension/scripting language implementation based on Scheme, and we use it to provide a rich, fully-programmable user interface with minimal effort. It's free, of course, and you can download it from the Guile Home Page. (Guile is typically included with GNU/Linux systems.)
- Important: Most Linux distributions come with Guile already installed. Do not install your own version of Guile from source — having two versions of Guile on the same system will cause problems. However, by default most distributions install only the Guile libraries and not the programming headers — to compile libctl and MPB, you should install the "guile-devel" or "guile-dev" package (e.g. with RPM) that came with your system.
GNU Autoconf (optional)
If you want to be a developer of the MPB package (as opposed to merely a user), you will also need the GNU Autoconf program. Autoconf is a portability tool that generates configure
scripts to automatically detect the capabilities of a system and configure a package accordingly. You can find out more at the Autoconf Home Page (autoconf is typically installed by default on Linux systems). In order to install Autoconf, you will also need the GNU m4
program if you do not already have it (see the GNU m4 Home Page).
libctl
Instead of using Guile directly, we separated much of the user interface code into a package called libctl, in the hope that this might be more generally useful. libctl automatically handles the communication between the program and Guile, converting complicated data structures and so on, to make it even easier to use Guile to control scientific applications. Download libctl from the libctl home site, unpack it, and run the usual configure
, make
, make install
sequence. You'll also want to browse its manual, as this will give you a general overview of what the user interface will be like.
If you are not the system administrator of your machine, and/or want to install libctl somewhere else (like your home directory), you can do so with the standard --prefix=dir
option to configure
(the default prefix is /usr/local
). In this case, however, you'll need to specify the location of the libctl shared files for the MPB package, using the --with-libctl=dir/share/libctl
option to the MPB configure
script.
MIT Photonic-Bands
Okay, if you've made it all the way here, you're ready to install the MPB package and start cranking out eigenmodes. (You can download the latest version and read this manual at the MIT Photonic-Bands Homepage.) Once you've unpacked it, just run:
./configure make
to configure and compile the package (see below to install). Hopefully, the configure
script will correctly detect the BLAS, FFTW, etcetera libraries that you've dutifully installed, as well as the C compiler and so on, and the make
compilation will proceed without a hitch. If not, it's a Simple Matter of Programming to correct the problem. configure
accepts several flags to help control its behavior. Some of these are standard, like --prefix=dir
to specify and installation directory prefix, and some of them are specific to the MPB package (./configure --help
for more info). The configure
flags specific to MPB are:
-
--with-inv-symmetry
- Assume [user-ref.html#inv-symmetry inversion symmetry] in the dielectric function, allowing us to use real fields (in Fourier space) instead of complex fields. This gives a factor of 2 benefit in speed and memory. In this case, the MPB program will be installed as
mpbi
instead ofmpb
, so that you can have versions both with and without inversion symmetry installed at the same time. To install bothmpb
andmpbi
, you should do:
./configure make su -c "make install" make distclean ./configure --with-inv-symmetry make su -c "make install"
-
--with-hermitian-eps
- Support the use of [user-ref.html#dielectric-anisotropic complex-hermitian dielectric tensors] (corresponding to magnetic materials, which break inversion symmetry).
-
--enable-single
- Use single precision (C
float
) instead of the default double precision (Cdouble
) for computations. (Not recommended.) -
--without-hdf5
- Don't use the HDF5 library for field and dielectric function output. (In which case, no field output is possible.)
-
--with-mpi
- Attempt to compile a [user-ref.html#mpb-mpi parallel version of MPB] using MPI; the resulting program will be installed as
mpb-mpi
. Requires [#mpi MPI] and [#fftw MPI FFTW] libraries to be installed, as described above.
Does not compile the serial MPB, or mpb-data
; if you want those, you should make distclean
and compile/install them separately.
--with-mpi
can be used along with --with-inv-symmetry
, in which case the program is installed as mpbi-mpi
(try typing that five times quickly).
-
--with-libctl=dir
- If libctl was installed in a nonstandard location (i.e. neither
/usr
nor/usr/local
), you need to specify the location of the libctl directory,dir
. This is eitherprefix/share/libctl
, whereprefix<code> is the installation prefix of libctl, or the original libctl source code directory.
</code>
-
--with-blas=lib
- The
configure
script automatically attempts to detect accelerated BLAS libraries, like DXML (DEC/Alpha), SCSL and SGIMATH (SGI/MIPS), ESSL (IBM/PowerPC), ATLAS, and PHiPACK. You can, however, force a specific library name to try via--with-blas=lib
. -
--with-lapack=lib
- Cause the
configure
script to look for a LAPACK library calledlib
(the default is to use-llapack
). -
--disable-checks
- Disable runtime checks. (Not recommended; the disabled checks shouldn't take up a significant amount of time anyway.)
-
--enable-prof
- Compile for performance profiling.
-
--enable-debug
- Compile for debugging, adding extra runtime checks and so on.
-
--enable-debug-malloc
- Use special memory-allocation routines for extra debugging (to check for array overwrites, memory leaks, etcetera).
-
--with-efence
- More debugging: use the Electric Fence library, if available, for extra runtime array bounds-checking.
You can further control configure
by setting various environment variables, such as:
-
CC
: the C compiler command -
CFLAGS
: the C compiler flags (defaults to-O3
). -
CPPFLAGS
:-Idir
flags to tell the C compiler additional places to look for header files. -
LDFLAGS
:-Ldir
flags to tell the linker additional places to look for libraries. -
LIBS
: additional libraries to link against.
Once compiled, the main program (as opposed to various test programs) resides in the mpb-ctl/
subdirectory, and is called mpb
. You can install this program under /usr/local (or elsewhere, if you used the --prefix
flag for configure
), by running:
su -c "make install"
The "su" command is to switch to root
for installation into system directories. You can just do make install
if you are installing into your home directory instead.
If you make a mistake (e.g. you forget to specify a needed -Ldir
flag) or in general want to start over from a clean slate, you can restore MPB to a pristine state by running:
make distclean